Big Bang Theory and Ex Nihilo

Creation Science and Evolution – Cosmology – Big Bang Theory and Ex Nihilo – Creation from Nothing

Table of Contents

Overview

Cosmology is the study of the origin of the universe, its structure, development, and history. Cosmogenesis is the theory that the universe had a beginning, and this idea is postulated by both materialistic and non-materialistic theories. The Big Bang Theory is the proposition used by materialists and Darwinian Evolutionists to explain the origin of the universe.

Those who accept the Big Bang Theory believe that the universe began roughly 13.5 billion years ago when, from nothing, there was an expansion of hot dense gases that emerged and expanded, creating the universe. Before this moment, space, time, matter, energy, and motion did not exist.

“I think the universe was spontaneously created out of nothing, according to the laws of science. It has no beginning and no end.” – Stephen Hawking, English theoretical physicist and cosmologist, “Best Quotes” by Adam Mann, January 8, 2012

“You can’t get to a time before the big bang, because there was no time before the big bang. We have finally found something that does not have a cause because there was no time for a cause to exist in.” – Stephen W. Hawking

Inflationary Cosmology

Inflationary cosmology or cosmic inflation is the theory of the expansion of space beginning from the early universe. This theory was proposed by theoretical physicists, including Alexei Starobinsky, in the late 1970s. Scientists developed this theory to best explain the following phenomena and calculations observed in the universe:

• Isotropy: All objects in our universe, such as galaxies, move away from each other at a similar rate in all directions.
• CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background): The cosmic microwave background radiation is distributed throughout the entire universe.
• Flat Universe: The universe demonstrates that all of space is geometrically flat, no matter how far out we measure in the observable universe.
• Absence of Magnetic Monopoles: There are no observable magnetic monopoles in our universe.

Interestingly, the concept of the universe or heavens expanding is found in the Bible, long before its confirmation by modern science.

• See Scientific Facts in the Bible – Expansion of the Universe

Philosophical Concept of Nothing

Try to imagine nothing. Are you picturing a big empty void? That’s incorrect; a void implies a large space, which isn’t nothing. Nothing would have no size at all. To imagine nothing, you must begin by contemplating something that contains absolutely nothing and cannot contain anything at all, not even the laws of physics.

In fact, if you’ve thought of anything at all, you’re still doing it wrong. Thinking of anything means it’s not nothing. This difficulty arises because nothingness cannot be conceptualized in the imagination. Even if you arbitrarily imagine ‘something’ as a representation of nothing, you still fail the exercise because you’re still thinking of ‘something.’ Nothing doesn’t exist; it is nonexistence itself

Something from Nothing Violates Science

One thing is clear: science will never be able to provide an answer to what existed before the Big Bang because it is incapable of determining something that operates beyond or outside of the physical processes we are currently able to measure and observe. The question of how something can come from nothing serves as an example of something science is unable to address.

Something cannot emerge from nothing from a materialistic viewpoint, or rather, based on the limitations in our own universe. The notion that something physical could arise from nothing, without and external intelligence, is unscientific and therefore nonsensical, unintuitive, and irrational. This concept violates known physical law; including each of the laws of thermodynamics;

• 1st Law of Thermodynamics – Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Before the big band the total energy of the universe was 0, and the Big Bang expects the creation of all known energy, which violates the first law.
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics – Order tends to move toward disorder unless there is intelligent input from an external source. If the Big Bang occurred, then the results should have been uniform or maximum entropy everywhere throughout the universe. However, we find many fine-tuned and intelligent structures in the universe.

The idea that the universe could have spontaneously generated itself is as absurd as believing a computer could create itself by suddenly bursting into existence, regardless of the amount of time provided. Moreover, the universe contains vastly more information and order than a computer does, yet we do not observe anything spontaneously coming into existence unless it is derived from an eternal source.

Existence cannot spring from non-existence. To entertain the idea that something can emerge from nothing is purely a matter of belief and nothing more.

Problems with the Big Bang Theory

Besides the obvious fact that things existing don’t spontaneously come into existence in our universe, there are additional problems that arise from a materialistic viewpoint of the Big Bang Theory

James Webb Telescope

The institution of the James Webb Telescope has led to numerous discoveries that contradict the Big Bang Theory. Operating in the infrared spectrum, the James Webb telescope enables us to observe beyond the visible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This capability has allowed us to detect galaxies in the farthest reaches of the universe, galaxies presumed to be among the oldest to have existed after the Big Bang.

By examining the furthest edges of the universe, calculated measurements suggest that we are observing the earliest points in the universe, shortly after the Big Bang. Since light travels at a finite speed of 186,000 miles per second, it is estimated that we are observing light from 13.8 billion years ago.

Many of these discrepancies and challenges are described in the following sections.

Cosmological Principle – Homogeneity

In 1929, Edwin Hubble observed that the further galaxies were from the Milky Way, the more they were redshifted, indicating they were receding away from us and thus, the universe was expanding. Hubble’s observations revealed receding galaxies in every direction he looked, implying that the Milky Way was at the center of all other galaxies in the universe.

Hubble observed that every galaxy, except the closest ones, seemed to be moving away from our galaxy. Based on this information, he proposed the idea that, regardless of your position in the universe, on a large enough scale, the same observation would be made. In other words, he concluded that every position in the universe would appear the same

Large Cosmic Structures

Recent discoveries made possible by advancements in technology reveal further challenges to the Cosmological Principle. According to this principle, there should be uniformity in the distribution of space and matter over sufficiently large areas, averaging out to be equal across the universe. However, astrophysicists continue to discover large clumps of matter, known as the largest cosmic structures, spanning billions of light-years. Some notable examples include:

• The Clowes-Campusano Quasar Group: a collection of 34 quasars spanning about 2 billion light-years across.
• The Great Wall: a collection of galaxies extending over 1.5 billion light-years.
• The Giant Arc: a collection of galaxies, galaxy clusters, dust, and clouds spanning 3 billion light-years.
• The Huge Quasar Group: spanning over 4 billion light-years.
• The Giant GRB: Giant Gamma Ray Burst spanning over 5.6 billion light-years.
• The Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall: a structure spanning over 10 billion light-years.

These discoveries directly challenge the notion of uniformity in the distribution of matter and space throughout the universe.

Flatness Problem

One of the issues material scientists must account for is the flatness problem. It is counterintuitive to think that the entire universe would have expanded from a single point with uniform flatness throughout its entirety. This phenomenon is observed in the fact that any triangle, regardless of its size – whether formed by three planets, three stars, or three galaxies – always has interior angles that add up to 180 degrees.

The mystery lies in this uniform flatness, as space could have expanded in almost any other shape, yet we find that space expanded universally as a flat surface. To illustrate, if space were shaped spherically, according to Euclidean geometry, the interior angles of triangles could add up to more than 900 degrees.

The universe could have taken on practically any shape with either positive or negative curvature, yet we observe a flat universe. The question that remains is: how do we account for a flat universe? A universe containing matter should not exhibit flatness unless it was isotropically established that way from the beginning. Somehow, or by some means, the universe would have had to be established as flat from its inception. This realization suggests that we inhabit a highly improbable universe.

Horizon Problem – CMB Radiation

No matter where we look in the universe, we find that the Cosmic Micro Background Radiation maintains the same temperature, with fluctuations of only about one part in 10,000, even at points separated by as much as 92 billion light-years. Thermal equilibrium appears to have been achieved in all directions at the farthest edges of our universe, displaying almost perfect homogeneity.

There is no known time in the history of the universe, not even shortly after the Big Bang, when the entire universe would have had the opportunity to homogenize or for the temperature to equalize throughout its farthest reaches.

Intuitively, considering the proposed initial conditions of the early universe, one might expect larger fluctuations throughout the Cosmic Background Radiation. This observation provides evidence of an equilibrium event that occurred early in the history of the universe.

Absence of Magnetic Monopoles

During the initial stages of the universe, when it was too hot for protons to form, it is proposed that the four fundamental forces of nature (Strong Nuclear Force, Weak Nuclear Force, Electromagnetism, and Gravity) would have been unified as a single primordial fundamental force. This unification would have allowed for the formation of monopoles.

Scientists have calculated the early conditions of the universe—extreme temperatures (10 trillion trillion Kelvin) and high energies—immediately after the Big Bang and have determined that these conditions should have led to the formation of magnetic monopoles. However, no magnetic monopoles are observed in the universe.

Large Highly Structured Galaxies

Astronomers anticipated discovering early-stage, undeveloped, fuzzy, indistinct small blobs of gases and stars, or nascent stars in the earliest parts of the universe. However, what they found were highly structured, mature galaxies—just as massive and well-formed as our Milky Way galaxy—with spiral arms, distinct central bars, and so on.

They also observed supermassive black holes at the centers of these early galaxies, which existed in the timeframe soon after the Big Bang supposedly occurred. These locations lacked the necessary matter or time for such structures to have formed. There simply wasn’t enough time for these complete structures to have developed unless they were created in a mature state.

Baryon Asymmetry Problem (No Antimatter)

This problem is named after baryons, which are the component parts of an atom (protons, neutrons, and electrons), this problem addresses the theory that at the beginning of the Big Bang, there should have been an equal amount of matter and antimatter produced. However, all that we observe in our universe is matter, where is all the antimatter?

The theory of the Big Bang posits that the early universe was highly dense with intense energy. As it expanded and cooled, that energy was converted into hydrogen, helium, and other elements. When energy converts into matter, as observed in every experiment, equal parts of matter and antimatter are produced. Antimatter is the mirror image or inverse of matter; for example, electrons with a negative charge in normal matter are positrons with a positive charge in antimatter. When matter and antimatter collide, these components convert back into energy.

Lack of Population III Stars

The Big Bang model predicts that the early universe would have been rich in light gases such as helium and hydrogen, which would have been the first to ignite into stars. These early stars would radiate heat and light, eventually burning out, collapsing, and becoming supernovae. These supernovae would have created the heavier elements in our universe. These heavier elements dominate our mineral-rich planets, moons, asteroid belts, and all the dust clouds in our galaxies.

For this cycle to begin, we would need to observe many of these early Population III stars at the oldest reaches of the universe, and they should predominate the edges of our universe. These stars should have been the first to form; however, we find no Population III stars in these oldest parts of the universe.

References

Big Ring Galactic Superstructure Celestial Anomaly – Space.com

The universe is the same everywhere we look—even more than cosmologists predicted (phys.org)

Answers research journal – misquoting Hubble

The Cosmological Principle Fails? | Answers in Genesis

Probing cosmic isotropy with a new X-ray galaxy cluster sample through the LX–T scaling relation

Scientists Question Foundational Big Bang Assumption | ICR

Evidence for anisotropy of cosmic acceleration